Winter Wheat Seed Q and A

Welcome to our latest Q&A post, where we answer some of the most commonly asked questions about winter wheat farming and production. As one of the most important cereal crops in the world, winter wheat provides a vital source of nutrition and sustenance for billions of people and animals.

However, growing winter wheat can be a complex and challenging task, with many different factors influencing crop yield and quality. In this post, we address some of the most common questions about winter wheat, providing valuable insights and practical tips to help you maximize your crop potential. Whether you’re a seasoned wheat farmer or just starting out, we hope this Q&A post will offer useful information and guidance on this important crop.

What is the importance of forage wheat seed?

Forage wheat seed is important for livestock production, as it is a high-quality source of nutrition for dairy and beef cattle, sheep, and other livestock. Here are some of the key benefits of forage wheat seed:

High yield potential: Forage wheat is a high-yielding crop, with the potential to produce large amounts of biomass and nutrients per acre.

High nutrient content: Forage wheat is high in protein, energy, and other nutrients that are essential for livestock growth and health. It can provide a high-quality forage source for grazing or hay production.

Improved soil health: Forage wheat can improve soil health by adding organic matter, improving soil structure, and increasing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation.

Crop rotation benefits: Forage wheat can be used in crop rotations to break pest and disease cycles, reduce weed pressure, and improve soil health.

Drought tolerance: Forage wheat has good drought tolerance and can provide a source of forage during periods of low rainfall or dry conditions.

When is the best time to plant winter wheat seed?

The best time to plant winter wheat seed for the western United States depends on several factors, including the location, climate, and local weather patterns. Generally, the ideal planting time for winter wheat in the western United States is between late September and early November, depending on the specific region.

In the Pacific Northwest region, which includes Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, the best time to plant winter wheat is usually in late September to early October. This allows enough time for the seed to germinate and establish before the onset of winter.

In the Intermountain West region, which includes Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming, the ideal planting time for winter wheat is typically in early September to mid-October. This allows for sufficient time for the seed to establish before winter, while minimizing the risk of heat stress during the summer months.

In the Southern Plains region, which includes Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas, the best time to plant winter wheat is typically in late September to mid-October. Planting earlier than this can increase the risk of heat stress, while planting later can increase the risk of winterkill

What are the ideal soil conditions for growing winter wheat?

The ideal soil conditions for growing winter wheat include:

Soil pH: Winter wheat thrives in soils with a pH of 6.0 to 7.5. Soil acidity can be corrected with the application of lime.

Soil texture: Winter wheat grows best in well-drained soils with a loamy or clay loam texture. These soils have good water-holding capacity, which is important for winter wheat’s growth and development.

Soil fertility: Winter wheat requires adequate levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other micronutrients for optimal growth. It’s important to test the soil regularly and adjust nutrient applications accordingly.

Soil moisture: Winter wheat needs consistent moisture during its growing season. Adequate soil moisture is important for seed germination, plant growth, and development. However, excessive moisture can lead to disease problems, so it’s important to maintain a balance.

Soil temperature: Winter wheat grows best in soils with temperatures between 50 and 65°F. Cool soil temperatures can slow down seed germination and plant growth, while excessively warm temperatures can lead to heat stress and other problems.

Soil structure: Winter wheat grows best in soils with good structure, which allows for good root development and water infiltration. Soil compaction can limit root growth and reduce water-holding capacity.

Soil organic matter: Winter wheat grows best in soils with high levels of organic matter. Organic matter improves soil structure, increases water-holding capacity, and provides nutrients to the plant.

It’s important to maintain good soil health and fertility through practices such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and the use of organic amendments. Good soil management practices can help to ensure that winter wheat crops have the optimal growing conditions for high yield and quality.

How much do I need per acre?

The amount of winter wheat seed needed per acre can vary depending on several factors, including the desired plant population, seed size, and planting method. As a general guideline, the recommended seeding rate for winter wheat is typically around 60 to 120 pounds per acre.

To determine the exact amount of winter wheat seed needed per acre, you’ll need to consider the following factors:

Seed size: Different varieties of winter wheat have different seed sizes, which can affect the amount of seed needed per acre. Be sure to check the seed tag or consult with your seed supplier to determine the appropriate seeding rate for the specific variety of winter wheat you are planting.

Plant population: The desired plant population can also affect the amount of seed needed per acre. A higher seeding rate can result in a denser plant population, which can help to reduce weed pressure and increase yield potential. However, a lower seeding rate can help to reduce input costs.

Planting method: The planting method can also affect the amount of seed needed per acre. For example, drilling typically requires a lower seeding rate than broadcasting.

In general, a seeding rate of around 90 to 100 pounds per acre is commonly recommended for winter wheat planted using a drill, while a seeding rate of around 120 pounds per acre may be recommended for broadcasting.

 

How deep should I plant?

The recommended planting depth for winter wheat seed is typically between 1 and 2 inches, depending on the soil type and moisture conditions. Planting depth can affect seedling emergence, plant growth, and root development, so it’s important to plant winter wheat seed at the appropriate depth.

Here are some general guidelines for planting winter wheat seed at the correct depth:

Soil moisture: Plant winter wheat seed when soil moisture is adequate for seed germination and growth. If soil moisture is too low, seedling emergence may be delayed, and deeper planting may be necessary to reach moisture.

Soil type: Plant winter wheat seed at a shallower depth in fine-textured soils, such as clay or silt, and at a deeper depth in coarse-textured soils, such as sandy soils. This helps to ensure that the seed is placed in an environment that is conducive to germination and growth.

Seed size: Larger seeds can be planted deeper than smaller seeds. This is because larger seeds have more stored energy reserves and can push through the soil to reach the surface.

Planting method: The planting method can also affect planting depth. For example, drilling typically results in more consistent planting depth than broadcasting.

In general, the optimal planting depth for winter wheat seed is between 1 and 2 inches. Planting too shallow can result in poor seedling emergence, while planting too deep can result in delayed emergence and reduced yield potential.

How often should I fertilize?

The frequency and timing of fertilizer applications for winter wheat depend on the soil fertility level, the nutrient requirements of the crop, and the growth stage of the plants. It is generally recommended to apply fertilizers in split applications, rather than in a single application, to avoid nutrient loss and ensure that the plants have access to the nutrients they need throughout the growing season.

Here are some general guidelines for fertilizing winter wheat:

Soil testing: It’s important to test the soil regularly to determine the nutrient levels and pH. Soil testing can help to identify nutrient deficiencies and excesses, and inform fertilizer application rates and timing.

Pre-plant fertilizer: Winter wheat responds well to a pre-plant application of phosphorus and potassium, which can help to promote root growth and establishment.

Top-dress applications: Top-dress applications of nitrogen fertilizer are commonly applied during the growing season, typically between the tillering and boot stages. Nitrogen fertilizer can help to increase plant growth and yield potential, but it’s important not to over-fertilize, as this can lead to lodging and reduced quality.

Foliar applications: Foliar applications of micronutrients, such as zinc and manganese, can be beneficial for winter wheat, especially on soils with low nutrient availability.

Regular soil testing, split fertilizer applications, and careful management can help to ensure that your winter wheat crop has the nutrients it needs for optimal growth and yield potential.

How do I manage pests and diseases in plants?

Managing pests and diseases in winter wheat crops is important for maintaining plant health and maximizing yield potential. Here are some general guidelines for managing pests and diseases in winter wheat crops:

Plant resistant varieties: Planting winter wheat varieties that are resistant to common pests and diseases can help to reduce the risk of crop damage and improve yield potential.

Crop rotation: Crop rotation can help to reduce the build-up of pests and diseases in the soil. Rotating winter wheat with other crops can help to break pest and disease cycles and reduce the risk of crop damage.

Monitor pests and diseases: Regular scouting and monitoring of the crop can help to identify pests and diseases early, allowing for timely treatment and management.

Integrated pest management: Integrated pest management (IPM) techniques, such as using beneficial insects, crop rotation, and targeted pesticide applications, can help to manage pest populations while minimizing the use of chemical pesticides.

Fungicide applications: Fungicide applications can help to manage common diseases in winter wheat, such as stripe rust and powdery mildew. Fungicides should be applied preventively, before symptoms are visible, to achieve the best results.

Insecticide applications: Insecticide applications may be necessary to manage pest populations in winter wheat, such as aphids or Hessian fly. However, care should be taken to minimize the impact on beneficial insects and the environment.

Regular monitoring, prevention, and timely management can help to ensure that your winter wheat crop stays healthy and productive.

How long does it take for winter wheat to mature?

The length of time it takes for winter wheat to mature can vary depending on several factors, including the variety of wheat, planting date, growing conditions, and local climate. In general, winter wheat takes between 110 and 140 days from planting to maturity.

Here are some general guidelines for the stages of development in winter wheat:

Late September to early October: Plant winter wheat seeds.

7-14 days after planting: Germination begins and the first shoots emerge from the soil.

Late fall/early winter: Wheat plants continue to grow slowly throughout the winter months, developing roots and producing tillers.

Late winter/early spring: Wheat plants start to grow more rapidly as temperatures begin to rise.

Late March/early April: Wheat plants reach the “jointing” or “boot” stage, where the stem begins to elongate and the first node is visible.

Mid-April: Wheat plants reach the “flag leaf” stage, where the final leaf before the head emerges.

Late May/early June: Wheat plants reach the “heading” stage, where the head of the wheat plant emerges and the flowers begin to bloom.

Late June/early July: Wheat plants reach the “maturity” or “grain fill” stage, where the kernels of wheat are filled with starch and the moisture content of the grain begins to decrease.

Late July/early August: Wheat plants are ready for harvest, with the optimal timing depending on the desired end use of the crop (grain, forage, etc.).

Overall, winter wheat planted in September will typically germinate within 7-14 days, reach the boot stage in late March/early April, the flag leaf stage in mid-April, the heading stage in late May/early June, and the maturity/grain fill stage in late June/early July. 

How do I determine when to harvest my crop?

The optimum time for harvest of winter wheat for grain, silage, or forage can vary depending on the desired end use and local growing conditions. Here are some general guidelines for the optimum harvest time for winter wheat:

Grain harvest: The optimum time for grain harvest is when the grain is fully mature and the moisture content has reached a level suitable for harvest. This typically occurs when the wheat head has turned from green to golden brown and the moisture content is between 12% and 15%. Harvesting too early can result in low yields and poor quality, while harvesting too late can result in grain loss and reduced quality.

Silage harvest: The optimum time for silage harvest is when the wheat plant is at the boot or early heading stage, before the grain begins to fill. At this stage, the plant has a high nutrient content and can provide a high-quality forage source for livestock. It’s important to monitor the moisture content of the crop to ensure that it is suitable for ensiling.

Forage harvest: The optimum time for forage harvest is typically during the flowering stage, when the wheat plant has reached its maximum biomass and has a high nutrient content. Harvesting at this stage can provide a high-quality forage source for livestock. It’s important to monitor the moisture content of the crop to ensure that it is suitable for ensiling or feeding.

What is the best way to store winter wheat seed for the long term?

Storing winter wheat seed properly is important for maintaining seed quality and viability over the long term. Here are some general guidelines for storing winter wheat seed:

Clean and dry the seed: Before storing the seed, it’s important to clean and dry it thoroughly to remove any debris, moisture, or damaged seed. This helps to prevent mold growth and ensure that the seed is viable.

Use appropriate storage containers: Seed should be stored in airtight containers that are made of materials that do not react with the seed or allow moisture to penetrate, such as plastic or metal. The containers should be labeled with the seed variety and date of storage.

Store in a cool, dry place: The ideal storage temperature for winter wheat seed is below 50°F, with a relative humidity of less than 50%. A cool, dry place such as a root cellar, cool basement, or insulated garage can be suitable for seed storage. Avoid storing seed in damp, humid areas, or in direct sunlight.

Monitor seed quality: It’s important to monitor the seed regularly to ensure that it remains viable and free of mold or other contaminants. Seed can be tested for germination rate and vigor to ensure that it will perform well in future plantings.

Rotate seed stock: To maintain seed viability and diversity, it’s a good practice to rotate seed stock regularly, using the oldest seed first and replenishing stock as necessary.

By following these guidelines, you can help to ensure that your winter wheat seed remains viable and of high quality for future plantings.

Difference between soft white winter and hard red winter?

When it comes to feeding cattle, there are some differences between soft white winter wheat (SWW) and hard red winter wheat (HRW) that are worth noting. Here are some of the key differences:

Nutrient content: SWW wheat typically has a lower protein content than HRW wheat, which may be a consideration for cattle producers looking to maximize protein intake in their animals. However, SWW wheat can still provide a good source of energy and other nutrients for cattle.

Forage quality: When harvested as a forage crop, SWW wheat may have a higher digestibility than HRW wheat, due to its softer texture and lower lignin content. This can make it a good choice for cattle producers looking to provide a high-quality forage source for their animals.

End use: While both SWW and HRW wheat can be used as a forage crop for cattle, HRW wheat is typically preferred for grain production and is commonly used in livestock feed rations. This is due to its higher protein content and strong gluten strength, which make it a good choice for feed formulations.

Growing regions: SWW wheat is typically grown in the Pacific Northwest and California, while HRW wheat is grown primarily in the central and southern Great Plains regions of the United States. This may be a consideration for cattle producers looking to source locally-grown feed.

In summary, while both SWW and HRW wheat can be used as a forage source for cattle, there are some differences in nutrient content, forage quality, end use, and growing regions that may influence the decision of cattle producers. 

Keep in mind, Soft White Winter and Hard Red Wheat are the wheat classes we find best that work for cattle operations. There are more classes of wheat.

How can you work winter wheat into a crop rotation on your farm for cattle?

A good crop rotation for large-scale agriculture that includes wheat can help to improve soil health, reduce weed pressure, and maximize crop yield and quality. Here is an example of a four-year crop rotation that includes wheat:

Year 1: Corn  Plant corn or soybeans in the first year of the rotation, depending on local growing conditions and market demand. Corn or soybeans can help to break pest and disease cycles, while providing high yields of grain for feed or processing.

Year 2: Winter wheat Plant winter wheat in the fall of the second year, using appropriate seed variety and planting techniques. Winter wheat can help to improve soil health, add organic matter, and provide a source of forage for grazing or hay production.

Year 3: Cover crop or forage Plant a cover crop or forage crop in the third year of the rotation, such as annual ryegrass, clover, or sorghum-sudangrass. This can help to suppress weeds, add organic matter to the soil, and provide a source of forage for grazing or hay production.

Year 4: Corn Plant soybeans or corn in the fourth year of the rotation, alternating with the crop planted in year 1. This can help to continue the cycle of breaking pest and disease cycles, while maximizing yields and maintaining soil health.

This rotation can be adapted to local growing conditions and market demand, but the key is to alternate crops with different nutrient needs and growth characteristics, while including winter wheat to improve soil health and provide a source of forage. 

Growing Season

Plant winter wheat in the fall, using appropriate seed variety and planting techniques. Winter wheat will grow slowly during the winter months, and will resume growth in the spring.

In the spring, plant a warm-season crop such as soybeans, corn, or sorghum in the same field after the winter wheat is harvested. These crops will grow during the summer months, taking advantage of the nutrients and organic matter left behind by the winter wheat.

After the warm-season crop is harvested in the fall, plant a cover crop such as annual ryegrass, clover, or radishes to help improve soil health and add organic matter.

In the following fall, plant winter wheat again, repeating the cycle.

 

By alternating winter wheat with a warm-season crop and a cover crop, farmers can help to maintain soil health and productivity, while maximizing yields in a single growing season. However, it’s important to select appropriate crops for your local growing conditions and market demand, and to
follow best practices for fertilization, pest and disease management, and weed control.

 

If you would like a customized Crop Rotation Plan for your farm – contact us so we can help you with that.